Yukun's Quesitions

Questions about culture
How do we define culture? In Theory Wars and Cultural Studies(page 33 and 34), Kellener indicated the flaws of mass culture and popular culture. And he proposed media culture to replace with them. Does every scholar agree with him? Is there any flaw about “media culture”?

Question about post-colonialism and cultural studies
In Stuart Hall’s article(page 101), he questioned Marx Eurocentrism. He also mentioned Said several times in this article. Can we see post-colonialism as one of member of cultural studies family? But cultural studies’ assumption about hegemony and counter-hegemony confuses me. I remember===but I am not sure. Said believed the relationship between the hegemony and the periphery is kinds of interaction and will create hybrid culture finally. Is his concept similar to cultural studies?

In Kellner’s Theory Wars and Cultural Studies( page 35), in last paragraph, “Media culture is also the site where battles are fought for the control of society.” In Page 40, he quoted Hall’s article. “Encoding/Decoding” and “Deconstructing the popular,” which acknowledge the power of mass media to shape and enforce ideological hegemony, the power of people to resist ideology…
I am wondering if cultural studies assume the relationship between hegemony and periphery is a zero-sum game. And I doubt this assumption is too rough and over-simplified. Is there any other choice? Or is there any pre-condition about this resistance?

Questions about political economy approach in cultural studies
In kellner’s Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture (page 5), he indicated the limits and shortcoming of political economy in last paragraph. I know there is a voice in cultural studies asking academia to value political economy. And too many scholars focus on textual analysis and forget political economy factors. I am curious about the reason leading to this trend. Do US traditionally empirical research method and micro-level question orientation drive to this trend? How do we overcome those limits proposed by Kellner?

Following former questions, I am wondering there is a conflict between political economy and cultural studies. Cultural studies believed the audience are active== like creative consumers in Burgess’s article, but political economy assume the audience are passive or not so active. How can we include this approach into cultural studies? How do we keep balance between them?